The Co-seismic Response of Underground Fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake     

Zhang Li  Su Youjin  Luo Ruijie  Gao Wenfei  Zhang Ping 《中国地震研究》2017,31(2):201-212

In this paper, statistics are taken on the co-seismic response of underground fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake, and the co-seismic response characteristics of the water level and water temperature are analyzed and summarized with the digital data. The results show that the Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake had greater impact on the Yunnan region, and the macro and micro dynamics of fluids showed significant co-seismic response. The earthquake recording capacity of water level and temperature measurement is significantly higher than that of water radon and water quality to this large earthquake; the maximum amplitude and duration of co-seismic response of water level and water temperature vary greatly in different wells. The changing forms are dominated by fluctuation and step rise in water level, and a rising or falling restoration in water temperature. From the records of the main shock and the maximum strong aftershock,we can see that the greater magnitude of earthquake, the higher ratio of the occurrence of co-seismic response, and in the same well, the larger the response amplitude, as well as the longer the duration. The amplitude and duration of co-seismic response recorded by different instruments in a same well are different.Water temperature co-seismic response almost occurred in wells with water level response, indicating that the well water level and water temperature are closely related in co-seismic response, and the well water temperature seismic response was caused mainly by well water level seismic response.  相似文献   

The strain‐dependent spatial evolution of garnet in a high‐P ductile shear zone from the Western Gneiss Region (Norway): a synchrotron X‐ray microtomography study          下载免费PDF全文

A. Macente  F. Fusseis  L. Menegon  X. Xiao  T. John 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2017,35(5):565-583

Reaction and deformation microfabrics provide key information to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls of tectono‐metamorphic processes, however, they are usually analysed in two dimensions, omitting important information regarding the third spatial dimension. We applied synchrotron‐based X‐ray microtomography to document the evolution of a pristine olivine gabbro into a deformed omphacite–garnet eclogite in four dimensions, where the 4^th dimension is represented by the degree of strain. In the investigated samples, which cover a strain gradient into a shear zone from the Western Gneiss Region (Norway), we focused on the spatial transformation of garnet coronas into elongated garnet clusters with increasing strain. The microtomographic data allowed quantification of garnet volume, shape and spatial arrangement evolution with increasing strain. The microtomographic observations were combined with light microscope and backscatter electron images as well as electron microprobe (EMPA) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis to correlate mineral composition and orientation data with the X‐ray absorption signal of the same mineral grains. With increasing deformation, the garnet volume almost triples. In the low‐strain domain, garnet grains form a well interconnected large garnet aggregate that develops throughout the entire sample. We also observed that garnet coronas in the gabbros never completely encapsulate olivine grains. In the most highly deformed eclogites, the oblate shapes of garnet clusters reflect a deformational origin of the microfabrics. We interpret the aligned garnet aggregates to direct synkinematic fluid flow, and consequently influence the transport of dissolved chemical components. EBSD analyses reveal that garnet shows a near‐random crystal preferred orientation that testifies no evidence for crystal plasticity. There is, however evidence for minor fracturing, neo‐nucleation and overgrowth. Microprobe chemical analysis revealed that garnet compositions progressively equilibrate to eclogite facies, becoming more almandine‐rich. We interpret these observations as pointing to a mechanical disintegration of the garnet coronas during strain localization, and their rearrangement into individual garnet clusters through a combination of garnet coalescence and overgrowth while the rock was deforming.  相似文献   

青藏高原东南缘活动断裂的地震应变能释放系统研究     

刘杰  赵根模  吴忠海  李家存 《中国地震研究》2017,31(1):90-106

本文以青藏高原东南缘为研究区域，利用G-R震级能量经验公式和Benioff地震应变能释放曲线，对该区域内1500年以来的历史地震应变能释放进行了系统性的研究。文中给出了各断裂带和断块区的地震应变能释放周期表，及相应的地震危险性。分析发现研究区域地震应变能的释放具有东强西弱，南强北弱的特征，整体上各断层断块区的历史地震应变能释放符合准周期模式，某些断层和断块区上的地震周期具有某种程度上的同步现象。青藏高原东南缘现今处于大释放期中，地震的危险性不能忽视。局部结果显示，安宁河-则木河断裂带、小江断裂带的危险性很高，对于这些危险区要重点跟踪研究。今后仍需结合不同研究方法来提高地震危险性评估的可靠性。  相似文献   

Evaluation of NLDAS‐2 evapotranspiration against tower flux site observations          下载免费PDF全文

Youlong Xia  Michael T. Hobbins  Qiaozhen Mu  Michael B. Ek 《水文研究》2015,29(7):1757-1771

The North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase 2 (NLDAS‐2) has run four land surface models for a 30‐year (1979–2008) retrospective period. Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important model outputs from NLDAS‐2 for investigating land–atmosphere interaction or to monitor agricultural drought. Here, we evaluate hourly ET using in situ observations over the Southern Great Plains (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement/Cloud and Radiation Testbed network) for 1 January 1997–30 September 1999 and daily ET u‐sing in situ observations at the AmeriFlux network over the conterminous USA for an 8‐year period (2000–2007). The NLDAS‐2 models compare well against observations, with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Noah land surface model performing best, followed, in order, by the Variable Infiltration Capacity, Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting, and Mosaic models. Daily evaluation across the AmeriFlux network shows that for all models, performance depends on season and vegetation type; they do better in spring and fall than in winter or summer and better for deciduous broadleaf forest and grasslands than for croplands or evergreen needleleaf forest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Ocean current estimation using a Multi-Model Ensemble Kalman Filter during the Grand Lagrangian Deployment experiment (GLAD)     

《Ocean Modelling》2015

In the summer and fall of 2012, during the GLAD experiment in the Gulf of Mexico, the Consortium for Advanced Research on Transport of Hydrocarbon in the Environment (CARTHE) used several ocean models to assist the deployment of more than 300 surface drifters. The Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) at 1 km and 3 km resolutions, the US Navy operational NCOM at 3 km resolution (AMSEAS), and two versions of the Hybrid Coordinates Ocean Model (HYCOM) set at 4 km were running daily and delivering 72-h range forecasts. They all assimilated remote sensing and local profile data but they were not assimilating the drifter’s observations. This work presents a non-intrusive methodology named Multi-Model Ensemble Kalman Filter that allows assimilating the local drifter data into such a set of models, to produce improved ocean currents forecasts. The filter is to be used when several modeling systems or ensembles are available and/or observations are not entirely handled by the operational data assimilation process. It allows using generic in situ measurements over short time windows to improve the predictability of local ocean dynamics and associated high-resolution parameters of interest for which a forward model exists (e.g. oil spill plumes). Results can be used for operational applications or to derive enhanced background fields for other data assimilation systems, thus providing an expedite method to non-intrusively assimilate local observations of variables with complex operators. Results for the GLAD experiment show the method can improve water velocity predictions along the observed drifter trajectories, hence enhancing the skills of the models to predict individual trajectories.  相似文献   

Modeling the 2D behavior of dry‐stone retaining walls by a fully discrete element method          下载免费PDF全文

James J. Oetomo  Eric Vincens  Fabian Dedecker  Jean‐Claude Morel 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(7):1099-1120

The dry‐stone retaining walls (DSRW) have been tipped as a promising solution for sustainable development. However, before recently, their behavior is relatively obscure. In this study, discrete element method (DEM) approach was applied to simulate the plane strain failure of these walls. A commercial DEM package (PFC2D™) was used throughout this study. The authors used a fully discrete approach; thus, both the wall and the backfill were modeled as discrete elements. The methodology for obtaining the micromechanical parameters was discussed in detail; this includes the three mechanical sub‐systems of DSRWs: wall, backfill and interface. The models were loaded progressively until failure, and then the results were compared with the full‐scale experimental results where the walls were loaded, respectively, with hydrostatic load and backfill. Despite its complexity and its intensive calculation time, DEM model can then be used to validate a more simplified approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

四川省CORS网地壳运动速度场模型研究     

汤伟尧  师悦龄  丁一航 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(5):464-468

使用GAMIT/GLOBK解算2006~2015年覆盖四川地区的50个CORS站的观测数据，并提取坐标时间序列，获得速度场模型。对四川省整体地壳运动以及区域应变场进行分析，结果表明，四川省CORS站水平方向平均速度为38.72 mm/a，速度场的优势方向为S73.9°E；欧亚框架下水平方向平均速度为14.40 mm/a，优势方向为S77.78°E，较ITRF2008框架下的速度降低了24.32 mm/a；垂直方向平均速度为3.43 mm/a，整体上表现为隆升状态，位于东部平原的少部分测站处于下降趋势，可能是由于城市建设、地下水或者煤矿、石油等自然资源的过度采伐导致；最大主应变率达到7.31×10-11/a，最小主应变率为-5.4×10-11/a，其中区域地壳面膨胀率高值区域集中在川西，低值区域和最大剪切应变率高值区域分布在三大断裂带附近。  相似文献   

青海省钻孔应变资料典型干扰特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马震  杜娟  马玉虎 《高原地震》2011,23(1):53-58

分析了青海省境内6套YRY-4型分量钻孔应变仪观测资料的可靠性,详细研究了每套资料的干扰因素及特征,结果认为地下水和气压等因素是YRY-4型分量钻孔应变仪的主要干扰因素,但由于各观测点气候及地质水文条件的不同造成了干扰程度的差异.  相似文献   

Coupled discrete element and finite volume solution of two classical soil mechanics problems     

Feng Chen  Eric. C. Drumm  Georges Guiochon 《Computers and Geotechnics》2011

One dimensional solutions for the classic critical upward seepage gradient/quick condition and the time rate of consolidation problems are obtained using coupled routines for the finite volume method (FVM) and discrete element method (DEM), and the results compared with the analytical solutions. The two phase flow in a system composed of fluid and solid is simulated with the fluid phase modeled by solving the averaged Navier–Stokes equation using the FVM and the solid phase is modeled using the DEM. A framework is described for the coupling of two open source computer codes: YADE-OpenDEM for the discrete element method and OpenFOAM for the computational fluid dynamics. The particle–fluid interaction is quantified using a semi-empirical relationship proposed by Ergun [12]. The two classical verification problems are used to explore issues encountered when using coupled flow DEM codes, namely, the appropriate time step size for both the fluid and mechanical solution processes, the choice of the viscous damping coefficient, and the number of solid particles per finite fluid volume.  相似文献   

长期动荷载作用下冻结粉土的变形和强度特征   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

赵淑萍  马巍  焦贵德  常小晓 《冰川冻土》2011,33(1):144-151

根据长期动荷载作用下的蠕变试验结果,研究了冻结粉土的变形和动强度特征.试验分3组,第一、二组是小振幅动荷载试验,且第二组的动荷载幅值为第一组的两倍;第三组是大振幅动荷载试验,荷载最小值取接近于零的值,最大值与第一组对应.试验结果表明:各种振幅的动荷载作用下,冻土的累积应变随荷载振动次数的变化规律相同(都包括初始蠕变阶段、稳定蠕变阶段、渐进流阶段)但数值上有差异.在初始和稳定蠕变阶段,第三组试验的累积应变小于第一、二组的,但是第三组试验稳定蠕变阶段的应变速率很大,蠕变曲线迅速进入渐进流阶段,此后其累积应变值大于小振幅动荷载试验的;第一、二组试验的应变幅值随振次的变化规律相似,但与第三组的有明显不同,而且,第三组试验的应变幅值明显大于第一、二组试验的.各种振幅动荷载作用下冻土的残余应变随振次的变化规律相同,且偏移荷载载越大或动荷载振动幅值越大,残余应变越大;冻土的动强度随荷载振动次数的增加而衰减,直至趋于极限动强度,大振幅动荷载试验的极限动强度明显小于小振幅动荷载试验的.  相似文献